MySQL CheatSheet

Creating a Database: CREATE DATABASE

To create a database, use:

CREATE DATABASE database_name;

Example:

CREATE DATABASE company;

Output:

MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE company;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)

To show databases, use:

SHOW DATABASES;

Output:

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| company            |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.000 sec)

To use the created database "company", use:

USE database_name;

Example:

USE company;

MariaDB [(none)]> USE company;
Database changed

Creating a Table and Showing its Fields (CREATE TABLE - SHOW TABLES - DESCRIBE - DROP TABLE)

A database stores its data in tables. This is a data structure that organizes data in columns and rows; each column is a field (or attribute) and each row, a record. The intersection of a column with a row contains a specific data value.

To create a table, use:

CREATE TABLE table_name (
    column1 datatype,
    column2 datatype,
    ...
);

Example:

CREATE TABLE employees (
    emp_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
    emp_name VARCHAR(50),
    emp_salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
    emp_hire_date DATE
);

To describe the table, use:

DESCRIBE table_name;

Output:

MariaDB [company]> DESCRIBE employees;
+-------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field       | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| emp_id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| emp_name    | varchar(50)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| emp_salary  | decimal(10,2)| YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| emp_hire_date | date       | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.006 sec)

To show all tables in the database, use:

SHOW TABLES;

Output:

MariaDB [company]> SHOW TABLES;
+--------------------+
| Tables_in_company  |
+--------------------+
| employees          |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)

Loading Records into a Table and Retrieving Them (INSERT INTO – SELECT)

To insert a record into a table, use:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);

Example:

INSERT INTO employees (emp_id, emp_name, emp_salary, emp_hire_date)
VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 75000.00, '2022-01-15');

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.016 sec)

To select all records from a table, use:

SELECT * FROM table_name;

Output:

MariaDB [company]> SELECT * FROM employees;
+--------+----------+------------+--------------+
| emp_id | emp_name | emp_salary | emp_hire_date|
+--------+----------+------------+--------------+
|      1 | John Doe |   75000.00 | 2022-01-15   |
+--------+----------+------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)

Data Types

Data Type	Description	Range / Size
`CHAR`	Fixed length string	0 - 255
`VARCHAR`	Variable length string	0 - 255
`TINYTEXT`	Short text string	0 - 255
`TEXT`	Text string	0 - 65,535
`BLOB`	Binary large object	0 - 65,535
`MEDIUMTEXT`	Medium length text string	0 - 16,777,215
`MEDIUMBLOB`	Medium binary large object	0 - 16,777,215
`LONGTEXT`	Long text string	0 - 4,294,967,295
`LONGBLOB`	Long binary large object	0 - 4,294,967,295
`TINYINT` x	Integer	-128 to 127
`SMALLINT` x	Integer	-32,768 to 32,767
`MEDIUMINT` x	Integer	-8,388,608 to 8,388,607
`INT` x	Integer	-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
`BIGINT` x	Integer	-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
`FLOAT`	Decimal (precise to 23 digits)	Precision up to 23 digits
`DOUBLE`	Decimal (24 to 53 digits)	Precision up to 53 digits
`DECIMAL`	Fixed-point decimal	Precision and scale defined manually
`DATE`	Date	YYYY-MM-DD
`DATETIME`	Date and time	YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
`TIMESTAMP`	Timestamp	YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
`TIME`	Time	HH:MM:SS
`ENUM`	One of a set of predefined values	Predefined options
`SET`	Multiple values from a set	Selection of predefined options

Select Queries

Operation	Query
Select all columns	`SELECT * FROM tbl;`
Select specific columns	`SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl;`
Select only unique records	`SELECT DISTINCT col FROM tbl WHERE condition;`
Column alias	`SELECT col AS newname FROM tbl;`
Order results	`SELECT * FROM tbl ORDER BY col [ASC
Group results	`SELECT col1, SUM(col2) FROM tbl GROUP BY col1;`

Creating and Modifying

Operation	Query
Create a database	`CREATE DATABASE db_name;`
Select a database	`USE db_name;`
List databases on the server	`SHOW DATABASES;`
Show a table's fields	`DESCRIBE tbl;`
Create a new table	`CREATE TABLE tbl (field1 datatype, field2 datatype);`
Insert data into a table	`INSERT INTO tbl VALUES ("val1", "val2");`
Delete a row	`DELETE FROM tbl WHERE condition;`
Add a column	`ALTER TABLE tbl ADD COLUMN col datatype;`
Remove a column	`ALTER TABLE tbl DROP COLUMN col;`
Make a column a primary key	`ALTER TABLE tbl ADD PRIMARY KEY (col);`
Return only 1 row matching query	`SELECT * FROM tbl LIMIT 1;`
Amend the values of a column	`UPDATE tbl SET column1="val1" WHERE condition;`
Clear all values (leaving table structure)	`TRUNCATE TABLE tbl;`
Delete the table	`DROP TABLE tbl;`
Delete the database	`DROP DATABASE db_name;`

Matching Data

Operation	Query
Matching data using LIKE	`SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE col LIKE '%value%';`
Matching data using REGEX	`SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE col RLIKE 'regular_expression';`

Joins

Join Type	Description	Query
`INNER JOIN`	Returns only matching rows from both tables	`SELECT * FROM tbl1 INNER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.id = tbl2.id;`
`OUTER JOIN`	Returns all rows from both tables, with NULLs where there is no match	`SELECT * FROM tbl1 OUTER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.id = tbl2.id;`
`LEFT JOIN`	Returns all rows from the left table, with NULLs where there is no match in the right table	`SELECT * FROM tbl1 LEFT JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.id = tbl2.id;`
`RIGHT JOIN`	Returns all rows from the right table, with NULLs where there is no match in the left table	`SELECT * FROM tbl1 RIGHT JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.id = tbl2.id;`

String Functions

Function	Description	Query
`STRCMP`	Compare two strings	`STRCMP("str1", "str2");`
`LOWER`	Convert string to lower case	`LOWER("str");`
`UPPER`	Convert string to upper case	`UPPER("str");`
`LTRIM`	Remove leading spaces	`LTRIM("str");`
`SUBSTRING`	Extract a substring	`SUBSTRING("str", index1, index2);`
`CONCAT`	Concatenate two strings	`CONCAT("str1", "str2");`

MySQL Calculation Functions

Function	Description	Query
`COUNT`	Count the number of rows	`COUNT(col);`
`AVG`	Calculate average value	`AVG(col);`
`MIN`	Get the minimum value	`MIN(col);`
`MAX`	Get the maximum value	`MAX(col);`
`SUM`	Calculate the sum of values	`SUM(col);`

Create Table with Auto-Incrementing Primary Key

CREATE TABLE table_name (
  id INT AUTO_INCREMENT,
  column1 VARCHAR(2),
  column2 VARCHAR(32),
  PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

On this page